COSEE Ocean Systems: News
News Items for Concept "Freezing point"
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04.20.2007 Scientists Give Odds on Arctic Sea Ice Shrinkage LiveScience 2 Basic Full Text
06.21.2009 Possible impacts of climate change on freezing rain in south-central Canada using downscaled future climate scenarios Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 17 Expert Full Text
04.07.2009 NASA study finds Arctic's thick-ice areas diminishing USA Today Basic Full Text
12.08.2008 Carbon Dioxide Helped Ancient Earth Escape Deathly Deep Freeze ScienceDaily Basic Full Text
03.31.2009 NASA Debuts Unique Movie on a Sphere About Frozen Earth NASA Earth Observatory Basic Full Text
06.05.2009 Another tough summer for Arctic sea ice Christian Science Monitor Basic Full Text
05.18.2009 Warming of the West Spitsbergen Current and sea ice north of Svalbard Oceanologia Expert Full Text
04.21.2009 Critical Turning Point Can Trigger Abrupt Climate Change ScienceDaily Basic Full Text
12.21.2008 Explorers dive under Greenland ice BBC News Basic Full Text
04.06.2009 Satellites Show Arctic Literally on Thin Ice NASA Basic Full Text
04.29.2010 Melting Icebergs in Polar Oceans Causing Sea Level Rise Globally, New Assessment Finds ScienceDaily Basic Full Text
10.01.2010 As Arctic Sea Ice Melt Season Ends, Sharp Downward Trend Continues Reuters Basic Full Text
10.13.2010 UBC robot to probe Antarctic sea ice CBC (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation) Basic Full Text
09.26.2010 Biologist Tracks Walruses Forced Ashore As Ice Melts National Public Radio Basic Full Text
02.01.2011 Ice Cores Yield Rich History of Climate Change National Science Foundation Basic Full Text
03.01.2011 Climate Change Makes Major Snowstorms More Likely Union of Concerned Scientists Basic Full Text
02.16.2011 Thawing permafrost will accelerate global warming in decades to come, says new study National Snow and Ice Data Center Basic Full Text
06.27.2011 El Niño-Southern Oscillation and other climate patterns play a major role in 2010; 2010 one of the two warmest years on record NOAA News Basic Full Text
08.23.2011 NASA Satellites Detect Pothole on Road to Higher Seas NASA News Basic Full Text
09.14.2011 Extent of Arctic summer sea ice at record low level Christian Science Monitor Basic Full Text
11.09.2011 International Team To Drill Beneath Massive Antarctic Ice Shelf NASA Basic Full Text
01.09.2012 Carbon emissions 'will defer Ice Age' BBC News Basic Full Text
01.12.2012 Of orbits and ice ages Harvard Gazette Basic Full Text
03.01.2012 NASA Finds Sea Ice Driving Arctic Air Pollutants NASA News Basic Full Text
03.20.2012 Amount of coldest Antarctic water near ocean floor decreasing for decades NOAA News Basic Full Text
03.01.2012 2011's Billion-Dollar Disasters: Is Climate Change to Blame? Weatherwise Basic Full Text
02.27.2012 Warming Arctic Fueling Cold, Snowy Winters, Study Says Climate Central Basic Full Text
05.09.2012 Climate science: A grip on ice-age ocean circulation Nature News Basic Full Text
05.10.2012 Climate scientists discover new weak point of the Antarctic ice sheet e! Science News Basic Full Text
06.18.2012 A Comprehensive Study of Ice Astrobiology Magazine Basic Full Text
08.29.2012 Study suggests large methane reservoirs beneath Antarctic ice sheet University of California, Santa Cruz Basic Full Text
09.19.2012 Arctic sea ice reaches lowest extent for the year and the satellite record National Snow and Ice Data Center Basic Full Text
10.11.2012 Antarctic Sea Ice Reaches New Maximum Extent NASA Earth Observatory Basic Full Text
10.15.2012 Climate Change: The Past of the Atlantic Heat Pump Heidelberg University Basic Full Text
11.07.2012 Microfossils Reveal Secrets of Ancient Ocean Changes LiveScience Basic Full Text
11.15.2012 New dating of sea-level records reveals rapid response between ice volume and polar temperature University of Southampton Basic Full Text
11.12.2012 Study examines Antarctic sea ice increases NASA Climate Change News Basic Full Text
01.14.2013 Arctic Sea Ice Decline and Ice Export Between Greenland and Svalbard ScienceDaily Basic Full Text
01.03.2013 A New Way to Study Permafrost Soil, Above and Below Ground Berkeley Lab News Center Basic Full Text
01.28.2013 High-flying bacteria spark interest in possible climate effects Nature News Basic Full Text
02.28.2013 Study of Ice Age Bolsters Carbon and Warming Link New York Times Basic Full Text
02.24.2013 New Source Found For Cold, Deep Antarctic Currents Our Amazing Planet Basic Full Text
06.13.2013 Warm Ocean, Not Icebergs, Causing Most of Antarctic Ice Shelves' Mass Loss NASA News Basic Full Text
05.29.2013 Arctic Current Flowed Under Deep Freeze of Last Ice Age, Study Says Earth Institute (Columbia University) Basic Full Text
05.09.2013 Dust in the clouds MIT News Basic Full Text
06.17.2013 NASA's 2013 HS3 Hurricane Mission to Delve Into Saharan Dust ScienceDaily Basic Full Text
08.02.2013 Glacier's Past Offers Clues to the Future University of Maine Basic Full Text
09.20.2013 Why is Sea Ice Increasing in the Antarctic? Accuweather Basic Full Text
09.12.2013 Algae and bacteria in sea ice are important for the carbon budgets of frozen oceans Baltic Sea Portal Basic Full Text
10.10.2013 'Stadium Waves' Could Explain Lull in Global Warming ScienceDaily Basic Full Text
01.01.2014 With few hard frosts, tropical mangroves push north e! Science News Basic Full Text
01.01.2014 Arctic blast of snow, wind, cold moving into Maine on Thursday Portland Press Herald Basic Full Text
01.06.2014 It's So Cold in the Midwest, a Pot of Boiling Water Turned Instantly to Snow Slate Magazine Basic Full Text
01.08.2014 US cold snap fuels climate debate Nature News Basic Full Text
02.18.2014 Troubled waters in Arctic The Denver Post Basic Full Text
03.05.2014 Warm rivers play role in Arctic sea ice melt NASA Basic Full Text
03.03.2014 Climate Change Felt in Deep Waters of Antarctica Smithsonian Basic Full Text
04.15.2014 UMaine Researcher: Ocean Stratification Drove Disintegration of Scotland Ice Cap UMaine News Basic Full Text
04.10.2014 Appearance of Night-Shining Clouds Has Increased NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Basic Full Text
06.26.2014 Ancient ocean currents may have changed pace and intensity of ice ages National Science Foundation Basic Full Text
06.15.2014 Melting and Refreezing of Deep Greenland Ice Speeds Flow to Sea, Study Says Earth Institute (Columbia University) Basic Full Text
07.30.2014 Antarctic Ice Sheet Is Result of CO2 Decrease, Not Continental Breakup University of New Hampshire Basic Full Text
07.16.2014 Tracking the breakup of Arctic summer sea ice ScienceDaily Basic Full Text
06.10.2014 New permafrost is forming around shrinking Arctic lakes, but will it last? McGill University Basic Full Text
08.27.2014 NASA scientist: 2014 Arctic minimum likely to be among lowest NASA Basic Full Text
11.20.2014 Modeling the sky: How scientists use equations to understand Earth's clouds Global Climate Change - NASA Basic Full Text
10.23.2014 'Pulse of Our Planet': Watching Earth's vital signs Global Climate Change - NASA Basic Full Text
01.07.2015 State braces for another year of drought Albuquerque Journal Basic Full Text
01.16.2015 Atmospheric Rivers, Cloud-Creating Aerosol Particles, and California Reservoirs University of California, San Diego Basic Full Text
02.05.2015 Science tells the story of salt and ice WISH-TV (Indianapolis, Ind.) Basic Full Text
02.06.2015 Earth Orbit Plus Seafloor Volcanoes Yield Climate Swings Science 2.0 Basic Full Text
12.12.2014 Water Vapor's Role in Climate Change Quest Basic Full Text
03.12.2015 Global Warming May Boost Dead Zones in Oceans Scientific American Basic Full Text
03.03.2015 On thin ice: Combined Arctic ice observations show decades of loss University of Washington Basic Full Text
05.19.2015 When's the Last Time Our CO2 Levels Were This High? Pacific Standard Basic Full Text
06.26.2015 It's so cold in this part of Australia that icicles are coming out of the tap TheJournal.ie Basic Full Text
06.23.2015 NASA Mission to Measure Ocean Salinity Ends with Success Santa Barbara Independent Basic Full Text
04.28.2015 Whitenening the Arctic Ocean: May Restore Sea Ice, but not Climate Carnegie Institution for Science Basic Full Text
07.08.2015 Satellites track Earth's water movements to help complete climate picture NASA Basic Full Text
09.01.2015 Variations in mid-ocean ridge CO2 emissions driven by glacial cycles Earth and Planetary Science Letters Expert Full Text
09.11.2015 Burning all fossil fuels will melt entire Antarctic ice-sheet, study shows The Guardian Basic Full Text
09.12.2015 El Niño in Pacific could mean mild Michigan winter Detroit Free Press Basic Full Text
09.10.2015 Atmospheric science: Sea-spray particles cause freezing in clouds Nature News Basic Full Text
08.24.2015 Visualisation of the Invisible Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research Basic Full Text
10.14.2015 Declassified Spy Maps Show Melting Arctic Ice Smithsonian Basic Full Text
10.20.2015 Formation of coastal sea ice in North Pacific drives ocean circulation and climate University of California, Santa Cruz Basic Full Text
11.19.2015 Warm water is mixing up life in the Arctic Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research Basic Full Text
11.23.2015 Big data reveals glorious animation of Antarctic bottom water ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Science Excellence Basic Full Text
12.21.2015 Salty sea spray affects the lifetimes of clouds, researchers find Colorado State University Basic Full Text
12.30.2015 Freak storm pushes North Pole 50 degrees above normal to melting point Washington Post Basic Full Text
12.08.2015 NCAR develops method to predict sea ice changes years in advance NCAR (National Center for Atmospheric Research) Basic Full Text
01.01.2016 Extreme Research Shows How Arctic Ice Is Dwindling National Geographic Basic Full Text
01.18.2016 Explosive volcanism drove major changes in 'Snowball Earth' ocean chemistry University of Southampton Basic Full Text
02.03.2016 Rains return to California to start 2016 NOAA Climate.gov Basic Full Text
02.17.2016 Here's what El Nino's storms meant for Lake Mead's water levels Las Vegas Review-Journal Basic Full Text
02.12.2016 Scientists reveal new ice with record-low density University of Nebraska - Lincoln Basic Full Text
02.22.2016 The 100-Hour Snowstorm of February 1969 NOAA Climate.gov Basic Full Text
10.26.2015 Learning from the past - behavior of the Antarctic Ice Sheet University of Maine Basic Full Text
03.28.2016 The Arctic sets yet another record low maximum extent National Snow and Ice Data Center Basic Full Text
03.03.2016 Greenland's Ice Is Getting Darker, Increasing Risk of Melting Earth Institute (Columbia University) Basic Full Text
04.25.2016 UGA researchers discover fate of melting glacial ice in Greenland UGA Today (University of Georgia) Basic Full Text
07.14.2016 Oceans Eating Away at Yet Another Part of Antarctica Climate Central Basic Full Text
06.15.2016 AWI Scientists to Deploy New Equipment in Arctic Study Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research Basic Full Text
08.01.2016 Ten interesting things about Earth NASA Climate Change News Basic Full Text
07.11.2016 Climate change may shrink Adélie penguin range by end of century NASA Climate Change News Basic Full Text
08.24.2016 By Mid-Century, More Antarctic Snowfall May Help Offset Sea-Level Rise Earth Institute (Columbia University) Basic Full Text
10.13.2016 Season of intense melting in Antarctica offers insights into continent's future National Science Foundation Basic Full Text
11.04.2016 Arctic Makes Ice at Record Slow Pace Scientific American Basic Full Text
10.19.2016 Back to the Basics: Precipitation Patterns NOAA Climate.gov Basic Full Text
11.05.2016 Giant snowballs appear on Russian beach in Siberia BBC News Basic Full Text
10.20.2016 Oasis of life in the ice-covered central Arctic Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research Basic Full Text
12.01.2016 Rift in Antarctica's Larsen C Ice Shelf NASA News Basic Full Text
12.13.2016 NOAA's 2016 Arctic Report Card: Visual highlights NOAA Climate.gov Basic Full Text
01.07.2017 Monster Winter Storm Cripples South, Kills Four Across U.S. NBC News Basic Full Text
10.27.2016 Why I'm spending three months sailing right around Antarctica for science The Conversation Basic Full Text
11.28.2016 Inside tiny tubes, water turns solid when it should be boiling Massachusetts Institute of Technology News Basic Full Text
01.04.2017 Theory Provides Roadmap in Quest for Quark Soup 'Critical Point' Brookhaven National Laboratory Basic Full Text
12.07.2016 Blocks of Ice Demonstrate Levitated and Directed Motion American Institute of Physics (AIP) Newsroom on Newswise Basic Full Text
12.23.2016 Water In Space: Does It Freeze Or Boil? Forbes Basic Full Text
01.01.2017 Phase transition: Cold as ice Nature Reviews Chemistry Expert Full Text
02.01.2017 Antarctic Bottom Waters Freshening at Unexpected Rate Scripps Institution of Oceanography Basic Full Text
02.15.2017 Snow Job University of California, Santa Barbara Basic Full Text
02.17.2017 Unprecedented Arctic weather has scientists on edge NOAA News Basic Full Text
03.01.2017 WMO verifies highest temperatures for Antarctic Region World Meteorological Organization Basic Full Text
03.14.2017 Study: Cold Climates and Ocean Carbon Sequestration California Institute of Technology Basic Full Text
04.19.2017 Trillions of Plastic Bits, Swept Up by Current, Are Littering Arctic Waters New York Times Basic Full Text
05.08.2017 Southern California beaches get bacteria warnings after rain Monterey Herald Basic Full Text
05.10.2017 Different places warm at different paces University of Bergen Basic Full Text
06.26.2017 Water exists as two different liquids EurekaAlert! Basic Full Text
06.19.2017 Earth has 2nd warmest year to date and 3rd warmest May on record NOAA News Basic Full Text
06.21.2017 NASA test: Jet biofuel may reduce climate-warming clouds NASA Climate Change News Basic Full Text
07.12.2017 Giant iceberg breaks off Antarctica Reuters Basic Full Text
07.27.2017 Where global warming gets real: inside Nasa's mission to the north pole The Guardian Basic Full Text
07.20.2017 The artificial glacier growing in the desert CNN Basic Full Text
07.11.2017 Arctic winter warming events becoming more frequent, longer-lasting NASA Climate Change News Basic Full Text
09.08.2017 Mountain ice records North Pacific storm intensification through windblown sea salt University of Maine Basic Full Text
09.11.2017 Cold region 'tipping point' now inevitable ScienceDaily Basic Full Text
10.17.2017 A Massive Hole Just Opened Up In Antarctica's Ice And Scientists Don't Know Why Forbes Basic Full Text
11.06.2017 The Zombie Diseases of Climate Change The Atlantic Basic Full Text
11.06.2017 Highlights of the Findings of the U.S. Global Change Research Program Climate Science Special Report U.S. Global Change Research Program Basic Full Text
11.06.2017 JPSS-1 Launch Delayed NOAA News Basic Full Text
11.01.2017 Intensifying Winds Could Increase East Antarctica's Contribution to Sea Level Rise University of Texas at Austin Basic Full Text
11.09.2017 How ice in clouds is born University of Utah Basic Full Text
12.11.2017 How a Wayward Arctic Current Could Cool the Climate in Europe Yale Environment 360 Basic Full Text
12.05.2017 Arctic sea ice loss could dry out California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Basic Full Text
01.05.2018 Snow piles up and coastal towns get flooded as blizzard blasts Maine Portland Press Herald Basic Full Text
12.29.2017 The Top 7 Climate Findings of 2017 Scientific American Basic Full Text
01.17.2018 Ocean waters prevent release of ancient methane University of Rochester Basic Full Text
01.24.2018 Is There A Ticking Time Bomb Under The Arctic? National Public Radio Basic Full Text
01.29.2018 Climate scientists explore hidden ocean beneath Antarctica's largest ice shelf The Conversation Basic Full Text
01.01.2018 X-, C-, and L-band SAR signatures of newly formed sea ice in Arctic leads during winter and spring Remote Sensing of Environment Expert Full Text
02.06.2018 Sea ice algae bloom in the dark ScienceDaily Basic Full Text
11.28.2017 Decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide key to ancient climate transition University of Southampton Basic Full Text
02.19.2018 'First hint' of a puzzling change in Southern Ocean revealed by CSIRO Brisbane Times Basic Full Text
02.20.2018 New study brings Antarctic ice loss into sharper focus NASA Climate Change News Basic Full Text
02.15.2018 Unique collaboration works to extend sea ice prediction from days to decades NOAA Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research Basic Full Text
02.23.2018 Stagnation in the South Pacific EurekaAlert! Basic Full Text
03.06.2018 Research mission to Larsen C Ice Shelf thwarted by sea ice British Antarctic Survey Basic Full Text
03.26.2018 Russia and eastern Europe were blanketed with orange snow in a freak weather event AOL Weather Basic Full Text
03.16.2018 Soot transported from elsewhere in world contributes little to melting of some Antarctic glaciers National Science Foundation Basic Full Text
03.26.2018 NASA renews focus on Earth's frozen regions NASA Climate Change News Basic Full Text
03.23.2018 Arctic wintertime sea ice extent is among lowest on record NASA Climate Change News Basic Full Text
03.28.2018 How cloud data are improving weather forecasts NASA Climate Change News Basic Full Text
03.21.2018 Featured photo: It's lights out at the bottom of the world, for now NOAA Climate.gov Basic Full Text
04.09.2018 Simple Math Trick Helps Scientists Predict Climate Change Geek.com Basic Full Text
04.11.2018 Ocean circulation is changing, and we need to know why Nature Expert Full Text
04.26.2018 Seventh EU Sentinel goes into orbit BBC News Basic Full Text
04.19.2018 Climate Change Affecting Food Chains In The Ocean, Reducing Number Of Fish Tech Times Basic Full Text
02.15.2018 Key to predicting climate change could be blowing in the wind, researchers find Clemson University Basic Full Text
05.08.2018 Lasers in Space: Earth Mission Tests New Technology NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Basic Full Text
06.01.2018 Something Stirs: What Will Happen as Permafrost Thaws? Discover Magazine Basic Full Text
05.16.2018 The southern ocean meridional overturning in the sea-ice sector is driven by freshwater fluxes Nature Communications Expert Full Text
05.04.2018 Was the Earth ever frozen solid? Phys.org Basic Full Text
05.15.2018 NASA completes survey flights to map Arctic ice NASA Climate Change News Basic Full Text
06.13.2018 Antarctica loses three trillion tonnes of ice in 25 years BBC News Basic Full Text
05.15.2010 A comment on the Equation of State and the freezing point equation with respect to subglacial lake modelling Earth and Planetary Science Letters Expert Summary
02.01.2011 Future emissions from oil, gas, and shipping activities in the Arctic Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions Expert Summary
11.01.2011 Sensitivity of Hudson Bay Sea ice and ocean climate to atmospheric temperature forcing Climate Dynamics Expert Summary
03.01.2012 Arctic warming, increasing snow cover and widespread boreal winter cooling Environmental Research Letters Expert Summary
04.01.2012 Creation of a Heat and Salt Flux Dataset Associated with Sea Ice Production and Melting in the Sea of Okhotsk Journal of Climate Expert Summary
04.20.2012 Albedo evolution of seasonal Arctic sea ice GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS Expert Summary
11.30.2012 Ice-Sheet Response to Oceanic Forcing Science Expert Summary
12.15.2012 Investigation of Arctic sea ice and ocean primary production for the period 1992-2007 using a 3-D global ice-ocean ecosystem model Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography Expert Summary
04.12.2012 Creation of a Heat and Salt Flux Dataset Associated with Sea Ice Production and Melting in the Sea of Okhotsk Journal of Climate Expert Summary
03.06.2013 Dynamics of a Snowball Earth ocean Nature Expert Summary
03.01.2013 Climatic Variability Over Time Scales Spanning Nine Orders of Magnitude: Connecting Milankovitch Cycles with Hurst-Kolmogorov Dynamics Surveys in Geophysics Expert Summary
07.11.2013 A potential barrier to deep Antarctic circumpolar flow until the late Miocene? Geology Expert Summary
01.01.2014 High temporal resolution estimations of the Arctic sea ice albedo during the melting and refreezing periods of the years 2003-2011 Remote Sensing of Environment Expert Summary
07.31.2014 Universality of Tip Singularity Formation in Freezing Water Drops Physical Review Letters Expert Summary
02.01.2015 A review of seasonal climate prediction research in China Advances in Atmospheric Sciences Expert Summary
01.01.2015 Earth science: Ocean circulation and rapid climate change Nature Expert Summary
07.01.2015 Variation in blood serum antifreeze activity of Antarctic Trematomus fishes across habitat temperature and depth Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology: Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology Expert Summary
04.01.2015 On the Conditional Frazil Ice Instability in Seawater Journal of Physical Oceanography Expert Summary
10.01.2015 Aerosol effect on the land-ocean contrast in thunderstorm electrification and lightning frequency Atmospheric Research Expert Summary
08.01.2015 Responses of surface heat flux, sea ice and ocean dynamics in the Chukchi-Beaufort sea to storm passages during winter 2006/2007: A numerical study Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers Expert Summary
04.01.2016 Influence of melt-pond depth and ice thickness on Arctic sea-ice albedo and light transmittance Cold Regions Science and Technology Expert Summary
04.10.2016 Simulating the Ocean and Sea Ice Demystifying Climate Models Expert Summary
07.01.2016 ESA's Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity mission: From science to operational applications Remote Sensing of Environment Expert Summary
06.27.2016 Using timing of ice retreat to predict timing of fall freeze-up in the Arctic Geophysical Research Letters Expert Summary
03.01.2016 Studying Earth in the New Millennium: NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Contributions to Earth Science and Applications Space Agencies NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Expert Summary
02.01.2017 Modelling sea ice formation in the Terra Nova Bay polynya Journal of Marine Systems Expert Summary
06.01.2017 Decadal shifts in autumn migration timing by Pacific Arctic beluga whales are related to delayed annual sea ice formation Global Change Biology Expert Summary
06.01.2017 Advances in Antarctic Sea Ice Studies in India Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy Expert Summary
09.16.2017 Conditions leading to the unprecedented low Antarctic sea ice extent during the 2016 austral spring season Geophysical Research Letters Expert Summary
09.19.2017 Synchronous volcanic eruptions and abrupt climate change ∼17.7 ka plausibly linked by stratospheric ozone depletion Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Expert Summary
09.01.2017 Impact of the Montreal Protocol on Antarctic Surface Mass Balance and Implications for Global Sea Level Rise Journal of Climate Expert Summary
08.01.2017 Upper tropospheric water vapour and its interaction with cirrus clouds as seen from IAGOS long-term routine in situ observations Faraday Discussions Expert Summary
01.01.2018 Seasonal dynamics of algal and bacterial communities in Arctic sea ice under variable snow cover Polar Biology Expert Summary
01.11.2018 Distribution of Phaeocystis antarctica-dominated sea ice algal communities and their potential to seed phytoplankton across the western Antarctic Peninsula in spring Marine Ecology Progress Series Expert Summary
02.05.2018 Protists of Arctic Sea Ice Interdisciplinary Approaches for Sustainable Development Goals Expert Summary
01.16.2018 Isolating the Liquid Cloud Response to Recent Arctic Sea Ice Variability Using Spaceborne Lidar Observations Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres Expert Summary
01.01.2018 Precursor role of winter sea-ice in the Labrador Sea for following-spring precipitation over southeastern North America and western Europe Advances in Atmospheric Sciences Expert Summary