| Description: |
A new subsurface dipole index (SDI) has been defined in this study to quantify the intensity of the north-south dipole mode in the Tropical Indian Ocean. The SDI peaks during December to February (DJF), a season after the dipole mode index peaks. It is found that this subsurface north-south dipole is a manifestation of the internal mode of variability of the Indian Ocean forced by Indian Ocean Dipole but modulated by Pacific forcing. The seasonal evolution of thermocline, subsurface temperature and the corresponding leading modes of variability further support this hypothesis. [Source: Climate Dynamics]
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