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These researchers studied the effectiveness of using tap water and deionized water as working fluids in enhancing critical heat flux levels. During boiling processes, impurities from tap water formed a thin film deposit on a substrate. This thin film layer substantially improved the wettability of the surface and reduced the contact angle of the surface from 90° to <10°. To investigate the properties of the thin film layer, they used a scanning electron microscope equipped with an X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer, and the results confirmed that the surface was composed of impurities. [Source: Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science]
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